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Adversarial Policies Beat Superhuman Go AIs
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Measured effects reported in the paper
| What was changed | Where | Measured | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Add pass-alive defense to victim (prohibit passing unless only pass-alive territory moves remain) (ablation) | KataGo Latest pass-adversary · Go vs KataGo Latest, no search | adversary win rate: pass-adversary falls from 99.9% to 0 / 1000 games | Helped |
| Adversarial training on 0.08% cyclic-exploit self-play games (ablation) | KataGo b60 victim vs cyclic-adversary 600 visits · Go vs b60-s7702m 32 visits | adversary win rate: adversary drops to 0/50 won games | Helped |
| Fine-tune cyclic adversary against adversarially trained victim for 1154.9 V100 GPU days (ablation) | cyclic-adversary · Go vs b60-s7702m 4096 visits | adversary win rate: recovers to 47% over 400 games | Helped |
| Use A-MCTS-R (recursive victim simulation) instead of A-MCTS-S (sampling victim policy head) (ablation) | pass-adversary · Go vs KataGo Latest with 8 visits | adversary win rate: 88% with A-MCTS-R vs 15% with A-MCTS-S | Helped |
| Use A-MCTS-R instead of A-MCTS-S for the cyclic adversary (ablation) | cyclic-adversary · Go vs KataGo Latest with up to 128 victim visits | adversary win rate | No clear effect |
| Symmetry-averaged victim model (A-MCTS-S++) instead of A-MCTS-S (ablation) | cyclic-adversary · Go vs KataGo Latest with search | adversary win rate | No clear effect |
| Increase adversary visits beyond 600 (ablation) | cyclic-adversary · Go vs KataGo Latest with search | adversary win rate | Hurt |
| Increase victim search budget | cyclic-adversary vs KataGo Latest · Go vs KataGo Latest, 4096 to 10^7 visits | adversary win rate: 95.7% at 4096 visits, 82% at 10^6, 72% at 10^7 (win rate declines with more victim search) | Hurt |
| Pass-adversary trained against no-search victim transfers to low-search victim with A-MCTS-R | pass-adversary · Go vs KataGo Latest with 8 visits | adversary win rate: 88% with A-MCTS-R, 15% with A-MCTS-S | Mixed |
| Cyclic adversary zero-shot transfer to Leela Zero and ELF OpenGo | cyclic-adversary · Leela Zero and ELF OpenGo | adversary win rate: 6.1% vs Leela Zero, 3.5% vs ELF OpenGo | Mixed |
| Pass-alive defense added to victim (ablation) | KataGo Latest victim (cyclic adversary) · Go vs KataGo Latest, no search | adversary win rate: cyclic adversary achieves 100.0% vs hardened and 100.0% vs undefended | No clear effect |
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- Robust and Diverse Multi-Agent Learning via Rational Policy Gradient (NeurIPS 2025 · similarity 0.80)
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