Research map / 3D vision / Human pose estimation
Human mesh recovery from images
Recovers 3D body meshes end-to-end with pose calibration, point guidance and diffusion.
58 accepted papers at ICML, NeurIPS, ICLR, CVPR and AAAI (2018–2026) · an approach in Human pose estimation, keyword cluster “body · motion · human mesh”
State History Benchmarks Tried Baselines Checklist Preprints Who Export
Where it stands
Still moving The best reported result is still improving on 1 of 5 tracked benchmarks.
21 papers in 2023–24 and 19 in 2025–26 (at ICML, NeurIPS, ICLR, CVPR and AAAI); its share of the topic shrank, from 7.7% to 6.3%.
Open questions the data points to
- Human3.6M (MPJPE): best went from 33 (up to 2024) to 29.5 in 2025 — HeatFormer: A Neural Optimizer for Multiview Human Mesh Recovery (CVPR 2025 · 3 citations)
- Papers report FastMETRO on Human3.6M P2 (PA-MPJPE) anywhere from 33.7 to 52.2: comparisons against it depend on whose number you take.
- Papers report FastMETRO on Human3.6M P2 (MPJPE) anywhere from 33.7 to 52.2: comparisons against it depend on whose number you take.
What looks settled
- 3DPW (MPJPE): best up to 2024 43.53, best in 2025–26 54.7 from 2 papers, at most 0.2% better, if at all.
- Human3.6M (PA-MPJPE): best up to 2024 21.04, best in 2025–26 22.4 from 2 papers, at most 0.2% better, if at all.
How this is decided
A benchmark is tracked when at least four papers of this approach report their own method on the same dataset and metric in at least two different years. Its record is the best number reported up to 2024 compared with the best reported in 2025–26: still improving means at least 1% better, flat means at most 0.2% better with at least two papers from 2025–26 trying. Numbers on a different scale from the rest (a fraction among percentages) and far outliers are left out. Results come from different papers with different setups, so they are signals, not head-to-head comparisons. The share of papers is counted at ICML, NeurIPS, ICLR, CVPR and AAAI.
How it got here
Most cited paper of each year
- 2018 · End-to-End Recovery of Human Shape and Pose (CVPR 2018 · 1,958 citations)
- 2021 · End-to-End Human Pose and Mesh Reconstruction with Transformers (CVPR 2021 · 707 citations)
- 2022 · Putting People in Their Place: Monocular Regression of 3D People in Depth (CVPR 2022 · 162 citations)
- 2023 · One-Stage 3D Whole-Body Mesh Recovery With Component Aware Transformer (CVPR 2023 · 116 citations)
- 2024 · TokenHMR: Advancing Human Mesh Recovery with a Tokenized Pose Representation (CVPR 2024 · 70 citations)
- 2025 · PromptHMR: Promptable Human Mesh Recovery (CVPR 2025 · 26 citations)
- 2026 · FactorizedHMR: A Hybrid Framework for Video Human Mesh Recovery (NeurIPS 2026 · 0 citations)
Earliest papers here
- End-to-End Recovery of Human Shape and Pose (CVPR 2018 · 1,958 citations)
- End-to-End Human Pose and Mesh Reconstruction with Transformers (CVPR 2021 · 707 citations)
- AGORA: Avatars in Geography Optimized for Regression Analysis (CVPR 2021 · 197 citations)
Benchmark records
The best number each year that beat every earlier one, among papers of this approach reporting their own method. Numbers are extracted by AI from each paper's text; check the paper before citing.
3DPW · MPJPE (lower is better)
11 papers, 2021–2025 · flat since 2024
| Year | Best so far | Set by |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 87.8 | PC-HMR: Pose Calibration for 3D Human Mesh Recovery from 2D Images/Videos (AAAI 2021 · 27 citations) |
| 2022 | 81.7 | Learning To Estimate Robust 3D Human Mesh From In-the-Wild Crowded Scenes (CVPR 2022 · 97 citations) |
| 2023 | 72.9 | Deformable Mesh Transformer for 3D Human Mesh Recovery (CVPR 2023 · 35 citations) |
| 2024 | 43.53 | KITRO: Refining Human Mesh by 2D Clues and Kinematic-tree Rotation (CVPR 2024 · 9 citations) |
3DPW · PA-MPJPE (lower is better)
10 papers, 2021–2025 · one report since 2024, not better
| Year | Best so far | Set by |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 66.9 | PC-HMR: Pose Calibration for 3D Human Mesh Recovery from 2D Images/Videos (AAAI 2021 · 27 citations) |
| 2022 | 51.5 | Learning To Estimate Robust 3D Human Mesh From In-the-Wild Crowded Scenes (CVPR 2022 · 97 citations) |
| 2023 | 44.3 | Deformable Mesh Transformer for 3D Human Mesh Recovery (CVPR 2023 · 35 citations) |
| 2024 | 27.67 | KITRO: Refining Human Mesh by 2D Clues and Kinematic-tree Rotation (CVPR 2024 · 9 citations) |
Human3.6M · MPJPE (lower is better)
8 papers, 2021–2025 · still improving
| Year | Best so far | Set by |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 47.9 | PC-HMR: Pose Calibration for 3D Human Mesh Recovery from 2D Images/Videos (AAAI 2021 · 27 citations) |
| 2023 | 33 | Delving Deep into Pixel Alignment Feature for Accurate Multi-View Human Mesh Recovery (AAAI 2023 · 12 citations) |
| 2025 | 29.5 | HeatFormer: A Neural Optimizer for Multiview Human Mesh Recovery (CVPR 2025 · 3 citations) |
Human3.6M · PA-MPJPE (lower is better)
8 papers, 2021–2025 · flat since 2024
| Year | Best so far | Set by |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 36.7 | End-to-End Human Pose and Mesh Reconstruction with Transformers (CVPR 2021 · 707 citations) |
| 2023 | 26.9 | Delving Deep into Pixel Alignment Feature for Accurate Multi-View Human Mesh Recovery (AAAI 2023 · 12 citations) |
| 2024 | 21.04 | KITRO: Refining Human Mesh by 2D Clues and Kinematic-tree Rotation (CVPR 2024 · 9 citations) |
3DPW test · PA-MPJPE (mm) (lower is better)
5 papers, 2022–2025 · one report since 2024, not better
| Year | Best so far | Set by |
|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 50.69 | Benchmarking and Analyzing 3D Human Pose and Shape Estimation Beyond Algorithms (NeurIPS 2022 · 8 citations) |
| 2023 | 49.8 | Implicit 3D Human Mesh Recovery Using Consistency With Pose and Shape From Unseen-View (CVPR 2023 · 19 citations) |
| 2024 | 39.6 | PostureHMR: Posture Transformation for 3D Human Mesh Recovery (CVPR 2024 · 14 citations) |
What has been tried
45 papers here report 487 measured changes (a component added, removed or swapped, compared with a baseline): helped 82%, no clear effect 4%, hurt 13%, mixed 1%. Papers mostly publish changes that helped, so "helped" is over-represented.
Ablations in recent papers
| What was changed | Measured on | Result | Effect | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| add TALS to HMR2.0 | EMDB · MPJPE | 99.3 -> 96.7 | Helped | TokenHMR: Advancing Human Mesh Recovery with a Tokenized Pose Representation (CVPR 2024 · 70 citations) |
| Add shape parameters β to ScoreHMR | single-image human mesh recovery · performance | No clear effect | Score-Guided Diffusion for 3D Human Recovery (CVPR 2024 · 33 citations) | |
| Add joint-guided local feature queries to the naive AiOS pipeline | AGORA validation · PVE All (mm) | Helped | AiOS: All-in-One-Stage Expressive Human Pose and Shape Estimation (CVPR 2024 · 31 citations) | |
| Add shape descriptions during training and testing | HBW · Height | 69 -> 62 | Helped | PromptHMR: Promptable Human Mesh Recovery (CVPR 2025 · 26 citations) |
| replace noise diffusion with vertex linear interpolation | 3DPW · MPVE (mm) | 83.2 -> 80.3 | Helped | PostureHMR: Posture Transformation for 3D Human Mesh Recovery (CVPR 2024 · 14 citations) |
| Use cosine-based variable masking instead of linear masking | 3DPW · PVE (mm) | 86.5 -> 81.6 | Helped | MEGA: Masked Generative Autoencoder for Human Mesh Recovery (CVPR 2025 · 11 citations) |
| use contact-based masking instead of no contact maps | BEHAVE · CDhuman | 5.13 -> 4.99 | Helped | Joint Reconstruction of 3D Human and Object via Contact-Based Refinement Transformer (CVPR 2024 · 11 citations) |
| add camera translation refinement | 3DPW · PA-MPJPE | 28.53 -> 27.67 | Helped | KITRO: Refining Human Mesh by 2D Clues and Kinematic-tree Rotation (CVPR 2024 · 9 citations) |
| add global image feature Fg and cross-attention | 3DPW test set · MPJPE | 75.9 -> 74.1 | Helped | ScoreHypo: Probabilistic Human Mesh Estimation with Hypothesis Scoring (CVPR 2024 · 9 citations) |
| increase uncertainty-guided sampling from 1 to 20 iterations | 3DPW · MPJPE | 73.5 -> 67.4 | Helped | GenHMR: Generative Human Mesh Recovery (AAAI 2025 · 8 citations) |
| Use DiNOv2 instead of DAv2 as depth-estimator backbone | SPEC-MTP · ETz | 0.154 -> 0.300 | Hurt | BLADE: Single-view Body Mesh Estimation through Accurate Depth Estimation (CVPR 2025 · 8 citations) |
| Discard all background tokens | BEDLAM validation, Avg. · MVE (mm) | 56.0 -> 57.2 | Hurt | SAT-HMR: Real-Time Multi-Person 3D Mesh Estimation via Scale-Adaptive Tokens (CVPR 2025 · 8 citations) |
Baseline numbers that disagree
The same baseline on the same benchmark and metric, reported more than 5% apart by different papers here. Training budgets, data splits and reimplementations differ, so state which number you compare with.
| Baseline | Benchmark | Metric | Reported | Papers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FastMETRO | Human3.6M P2 | PA-MPJPE | 33.7 – 52.2 | 2 papers, e.g. CVPR 2023 and CVPR 2023 |
| FastMETRO | Human3.6M P2 | MPJPE | 33.7 – 52.2 | 2 papers, e.g. CVPR 2023 and CVPR 2023 |
| ROMP | CrowdPose | AP | 18.9 – 28.5 | 2 papers, e.g. CVPR 2022 and CVPR 2024 |
| VIBE | 3DPW test | MPJPE | 82 – 94.7 | 2 papers, e.g. CVPR 2021 and CVPR 2021 |
| HMR2.0 | 3DPW | MPJPE | 70 – 77.4 | 2 papers, e.g. AAAI 2025 and CVPR 2024 |
| HMR2.0 | 3DPW | PA-MPJPE | 44.5 – 47.4 | 2 papers, e.g. AAAI 2025 and CVPR 2024 |
What reviewers will expect
Datasets and baselines named in the 11 papers of this approach from 2025–2026 that have a full-text summary. Leaving out the common ones is a frequent review question.
Datasets
- MPII · 6 of 11 papers
- BEDLAM · 6 of 11 papers
- 3DPW · 6 of 11 papers
- Human3.6M · 5 of 11 papers
- COCO · 4 of 11 papers
- MPI-INF-3DHP · 4 of 11 papers
- AMASS · 3 of 11 papers
- InstaVariety · 3 of 11 papers
Baselines
- HMR2.0 · 6 of 11 papers
- CLIFF · 5 of 11 papers
- ProHMR · 5 of 11 papers
- TokenHMR · 4 of 11 papers
- PARE · 3 of 11 papers
- FastMETRO · 2 of 11 papers
- Virtual Marker · 2 of 11 papers
- VQ HPS · 2 of 11 papers
Recent preprints
Loading recent arXiv preprints…
Who publishes on it
Institutions on the most papers of this approach since 2023 (of 40 papers; from OpenAlex and the papers' affiliations).
- International Digital Economy Academy · 4 papers
- Tsinghua University · 3 papers
- Nat’l Eng. Research Center of Visual Technology · 3 papers
- Peking University · 3 papers
- University of Central Florida · 2 papers
- Meta · 2 papers
- Konkuk University · 2 papers
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute · 2 papers
- SenseTime · 2 papers
- Nanyang Technological University · 2 papers
Use it
Download BibTeX of 37 key papersOpen the topic in the interactive map
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Related approaches
Same keyword cluster
- Physics and sensor-based motion capture (125 papers)
- Human shape and pose regression (80 papers)
- Human motion prediction (38 papers)
Elsewhere in the topic
- Learned camera pose estimation (96 papers)
- Category-level object pose estimation (92 papers)
- Monocular 2D-to-3D pose lifting (90 papers)
- Depth-based hand pose regression (84 papers)
- Transformer-based multi-view 3D pose (83 papers)
- Temporal video pose estimation (76 papers)
- Instance-level 6D object pose (74 papers)
- Category-level pose estimation (54 papers)
Benchmark numbers, ablations and baseline numbers are extracted by AI from each paper's full text and can be wrong; the paper is the authority. Data: results index of 2026-11-02, citation counts from OpenAlex (2026-10-09).
