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Emergent Tool Use From Multi-Agent Autocurricula

ICLR 2020 · Multi-agent systems and games › Human-AI and goal-conditioned · approach: World-model-based agents · 372 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
Pretrain with multi-agent hide-and-seek self-playPolicy initialization for the transfer suite · Lock and Return, Sequential Lock, Construction From Blueprintfinal reward and learning speedHelped
Pretrain with multi-agent hide-and-seek self-playPolicy initialization for transfer tasks · Object CountingperformanceHurt
Pretrain with multi-agent hide-and-seek self-playPolicy initialization for transfer tasks · Shelter Constructionfinal rewardNo clear effect
Randomize team sizes, object counts and shapes, initial positions, and wallsHide-and-seek training environment · Hide-and-seekemergent strategy stages: 2 stages -> 6 stagesHelped
Increase batch size to at least 32,000 (ablation)Hide-and-seek PPO training · Ramp defensetraining speed and convergenceHelped
Use an omniscient value function with access to the full state (ablation)Hide-and-seek value function · Emergent autocurriculumstrategy progressionHelped
Replace a masked value function with an omniscient value function (ablation)Hide-and-seek value function · Emergent autocurriculummaximum stage reached: stage 3 -> stage 4Helped
Use self-attention over entities instead of embedding and pooling entities (ablation)Hide-and-seek policy architecture · Emergent autocurriculumsample efficiencyHelped
Use self-attention over entities instead of embedding and pooling entities (ablation)Hide-and-seek policy architecture · Emergent autocurriculumwall-clock time to convergenceHurt
Use separate policy parameters per agent instead of shared parameters (ablation)Hide-and-seek self-play · Six-stage skill progressionsample efficiencyHurt
Increase count-based exploration state representation from box locations to higher-dimensional observations (ablation)Count-based exploration · Hide-and-seek environmentagent and box movementHurt
Use Random Network Distillation instead of count-based exploration in the full-state setting (ablation)Intrinsic-motivation baseline · Hide-and-seek environmentagent and object movementHelped

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