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Subspace Attack: Exploiting Promising Subspaces for Query-Efficient Black-box Attacks

NeurIPS 2019 · Adversarial robustness and security › Black-box and transfer attacks · approach: Query-efficient black-box attacks · 44 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
use reference-model input gradients to span promising search subspacesblack-box Subspace Attack · CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, untargetedmean queries: 713 -> 392; 373 -> 250; 1160 -> 555; 887 -> 462; 1437 -> 680; 1055 -> 456Helped
use reference-model input gradients to span promising search subspacesblack-box Subspace Attack · CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, untargetedfailure rate: 1.2% -> 0.3%; 0.0% -> 0.0%; 1.2% -> 0.7%; 4.2% -> 1.1%; 12.1% -> 4.2%; 6.4% -> 1.9%Helped
increase the maximum dropout ratio from 0.0 to 0.5 (ablation)Subspace Attack with CIFAR-10.1-trained reference models · CIFAR-10, WRNfailure rate: 9.6% -> 0.3%Helped
increase the maximum dropout ratio from 0.0 to 0.2 (ablation)Subspace Attack with CIFAR-10.1-trained reference models · CIFAR-10, WRNmean queries: 519 -> 380Helped
increase reference training data from CIFAR-10.1 (2k images) to CIFAR-10.1 plus 8k CIFAR-10 test images (ablation)Subspace Attack, no dropout · CIFAR-10, WRNmean queries: 519 -> 239Helped
increase reference training data from CIFAR-10.1 (2k images) to CIFAR-10.1 plus 8k CIFAR-10 test images (ablation)Subspace Attack, no dropout · CIFAR-10, WRNfailure rate: 9.6% -> 3.2%Helped
add more reference models, from VGG-19 to VGG-19/16/13 (ablation)Subspace Attack · CIFAR-10, WRNmean queries: 400 -> 395Helped
add more reference models, from VGG-19/16/13 to VGG-19/16/13/11+AlexNet (ablation)Subspace Attack · CIFAR-10, WRNfailure rate: 0.4% -> 0.3%Helped
compute all five prior gradients and search the complete subspace instead of coordinate descent (ablation)Subspace Attack · CIFAR-10, WRNmean queries: 392 -> 389No clear effect

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