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Conditional Positional Encodings for Vision Transformers

ICLR 2023 · Architectures and efficiency › Attention and transformers · approach: Vision transformer design · 406 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
remove positional encodings entirely from DeiT-tiny (ablation)DeiT-tiny · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 72.2 -> 68.2Hurt
replace learnable absolute PE with conditional PEG (depth-wise 3x3 conv at position 0-5)DeiT-tiny · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 72.2 -> 73.4Helped
PEG-based conditional PE evaluated at higher resolution without fine-tuningCPVT-Ti vs DeiT-tiny · ImageNet val @384top-1 accuracy: +3.0 over DeiT-tiny (74.2 vs 71.2)Helped
replace class token with global average pooling head (ablation)CPVT-Ti · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 73.4 -> 74.9Helped
replace class token with global average pooling head (ablation)DeiT-tiny · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 72.2 -> 72.6No clear effect
replace PEG with 12 kernel-1 learnable convolutions (more parameters, no local neighborhood) (ablation)DeiT-tiny · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 72.4 -> 68.6 (vs PEG)Hurt
PEG with frozen random 3x3 weights (no learning) (ablation)DeiT-tiny · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 68.2 -> 71.3 (vs no PE)Helped
apply PEG only to Q and K rather than Q, K and V (ablation)DeiT-tiny with PEG · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 71.3 vs 72.4No clear effect
remove zero paddings from PEG (ablation)CPVT-S · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 72.4 -> 70.5 (tiny)Hurt
place PEG at position -1 (before first encoder) vs position 0 (ablation)DeiT-tiny with PEG · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 72.4 -> 70.6Hurt
enlarge PEG kernel to 27x27 at position -1 (ablation)DeiT-tiny with PEG at position -1 · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 70.6 -> 72.5Helped
add PEG to learnable absolute PE (single layer) (ablation)DeiT-tiny · ImageNet val @224top-1 accuracy: 72.2 -> 72.9Helped

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