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Non-stochastic Budgeted Online Pricing with Semi-Bandit Feedback
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Studies non-stochastic budgeted online procurement pricing with semi-bandit feedback, proposing the GAP policy (and Doubling-GAP for unknown budgets) with matching-up-to-log regret bounds and a lower bound.
Problem
A budget-limited buyer must offer prices to multiple sellers over time when sellers' costs and values change arbitrarily (non-stochastic), observing only accept/reject decisions and values on acceptance; the goal is to maximize procured value under the budget with low alpha-regret.
Approach
Discretize the continuous price space, exploit the monotonicity of seller acceptance to form a feedback graph with side observations, and run an Exp3-style exponential-weights learner over prices (GAP); the budget-unknown variant restarts GAP in doubling phases.
Key results
- GAP's total reward is 55.59%, 59.89% and 26.32% larger than BP-UCB, TSampling and KUBE on average, and 14.16% larger than Exp3 across budgets.
- GAP achieves alpha-regret upper bound O(n (vmax/cmin) sqrt(B/cmin) ln B); Doubling-GAP achieves O(... ln^2 B) for unknown budget.
- A lower bound Omega(vmax sqrt(Bn/cmin)) holds for any online policy, tight up to sub-linear/log terms.
Measured effects reported in the paper
| What was changed | Where | Measured | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Use GAP instead of BP-UCB | Online pricing · Simulation, varying budget | total reward: 55.59% larger on average | Helped |
| Use GAP instead of TSampling | Online pricing · Simulation, varying budget | total reward: 59.89% larger on average | Helped |
| Use GAP instead of KUBE | Online pricing · Simulation, varying budget | total reward: 26.32% larger on average | Helped |
| Use GAP instead of Exp3 | Online pricing · Simulation, varying budget | total reward: 14.16% larger on average | Helped |
| Use GAP instead of BP-UCB | Online pricing · Simulation, varying number of sellers | total reward: 48.69% larger on average | Helped |
| Use GAP instead of TSampling | Online pricing · Simulation, varying number of sellers | total reward: 62.22% larger on average | Helped |
| Use GAP instead of KUBE | Online pricing · Simulation, varying number of sellers | total reward: 47.45% larger on average | Helped |
| Use GAP instead of Exp3 | Online pricing · Simulation, varying number of sellers | total reward: 12.31% larger on average | Helped |
| Use feedback-graph side information for price learning | GAP versus Exp3 · Simulation, varying budget | total reward: 14.16% larger on average | Helped |
Limitations
- Regret bounds hold only up to log factors and are approximate relative to the alpha-optimal benchmark (alpha = vmin/((2-cmin)vmax)).
- Experiments are simulation-only with a single adversary model; no real-world data.
- Assumes known cmin, vmin, vmax and discretization of the price space.
Experimental setup
Benchmarks: simulated non-stochastic pricing environment
Metrics: total reward alpha-regret
Baselines: Exp3 BP-UCB KUBE Thompson Sampling
Builds on: Exp3 feedback graph bandits (Alon et al.) KUBE BP-UCB
Closest papers by meaning
- Online Second Price Auction with Semi-Bandit Feedback under the Non-Stationary Setting (AAAI 2020 · similarity 0.89)
- No-Regret Online Autobidding Algorithms in First-price Auctions (NeurIPS 2025 · similarity 0.88)
- Online Resource Allocation With General Constraints (NeurIPS 2026 · similarity 0.88)
- Contextual Online Pricing with (Biased) Offline Data (NeurIPS 2025 · similarity 0.87)
- Optimizing the coalition gain in Online Auctions with Greedy Structured Bandits (NeurIPS 2024 · similarity 0.87)
- Dynamic Budget Throttling in Repeated Second-Price Auctions (AAAI 2024 · similarity 0.87)
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