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Mean teachers are better role models: Weight-averaged consistency targets improve semi-supervised deep learning results

NeurIPS 2017 · Label-efficient and robust learning › Semi-supervised learning · approach: Self-training theory · 1,557 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
Replace prediction-averaged or shared-weight targets with an EMA-weighted teacherMean Teacher versus Pi model · SVHN, 250 labelserror rate (%): 9.69 \pm 0.92 -> 4.35 \pm 0.50Helped
Replace prediction-averaged or shared-weight targets with an EMA-weighted teacherMean Teacher versus Pi model · CIFAR-10, 1000 labelserror rate (%): 27.36 \pm 1.20 -> 21.55 \pm 1.48Helped
Use an EMA-weighted teacher instead of the Pi modelMean Teacher · SVHN, all labelserror rate (%): 2.50 \pm 0.07 -> 2.50 \pm 0.05No clear effect
Use Mean Teacher rather than Temporal EnsemblingSemi-supervised learning · SVHN, 500 labelserror rate (%): 5.12 \pm 0.13 -> 4.18 \pm 0.27Helped
Use Mean Teacher rather than VAT+EntMinSemi-supervised learning · SVHN, 1000 labelserror rate (%): 3.86 -> 3.95 \pm 0.19Hurt
Add a ResNet architecture to Mean Teacher instead of using the ConvNetMean Teacher · CIFAR-10, 4000 labelserror rate (%): 12.31 \pm 0.28 -> 6.28 \pm 0.15Helped
Add input augmentation (ablation)Mean Teacher · SVHN, 250 labelserror rate (%): 5.85 \pm 0.62 -> 4.35 \pm 0.50Helped
Add input augmentation (ablation)Mean Teacher · CIFAR-10, 4000 labelserror rate (%): 17.74 \pm 0.30 -> 12.31 \pm 0.28Helped
Remove input noise while using input augmentation (ablation)Mean Teacher · SVHN, 250 labelsvalidation errorNo clear effect
Add dropout (ablation)Mean Teacher · SVHN, 250 labelsvalidation errorHelped
Add dropout to the teacher side when the student already has dropout (ablation)Mean Teacher · SVHN, 250 labelsvalidation errorHelped
Use MSE rather than KL-divergence for the consistency cost (ablation)Mean Teacher · SVHN, 250 labelsvalidation errorHelped

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