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Diving into the shallows: a computational perspective on large-scale shallow learning
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Measured effects reported in the paper
| What was changed | Where | Measured | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| Precondition the kernel iteration using approximate top eigenvectors | Pegasos / SGD kernel learning · HINT-S, TIMIT, MNIST-8M, and HINT-M | c-error or mse after 10 epochs: 11.7% -> 10.0%; 33.0% -> 31.7%; 1.1% -> 0.8%; 2.7e-2 -> 2.3e-2 | Helped |
| Precondition the random Fourier feature iteration using approximate top eigenvectors | SGD-RF · HINT-S, TIMIT, MNIST-8M, and HINT-M | c-error or mse after 10 epochs: 11.5% -> 10.3%; 33.3% -> 32.6%; 1.0% -> 0.8%; 2.7e-2 -> 2.4e-2 | Helped |
| Use EigenPro rather than Pegasos with a Gaussian kernel | Kernel classification · MNIST | epochs to reach KRLS classification error: 77 -> 7 | Helped |
| Use a smaller Gaussian-kernel bandwidth (σ² = 5 instead of σ² = 25) (ablation) | EigenPro on MNIST · MNIST | test c-error: 1.20% -> 1.83% | Hurt |
| Use a smaller Gaussian-kernel bandwidth (σ² = 5 instead of σ² = 25) (ablation) | EigenPro on MNIST · MNIST | epochs to reach best test c-error: 20 -> 5 | Helped |
| Use Laplace rather than Gaussian kernel (ablation) | KRLS · MNIST | best classification error: 1.3% -> 1.6% | Hurt |
| Use Cauchy rather than Gaussian kernel (ablation) | KRLS · CIFAR-10 | best classification error: 49.5% -> 48.4% | Helped |
| Train with more epochs (ablation) | Pegasos with Gaussian kernel · MNIST | test c-error: 5.21% -> 1.24% | Helped |
| Train with more epochs (ablation) | EigenPro with Gaussian kernel · MNIST | test c-error: 2.03% -> 1.20% -> 1.23% | Mixed |
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