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Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognition

ICML 2020 · Image generation › GANs · approach: GAN-based image manipulation · 206 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
Classify DCT-transformed rather than raw-pixel imagesRidge regression on FFHQ and StyleGAN images · FFHQ vs StyleGANaccuracy: 75.78\,\% -> 100.00\,\% (+ 24.22\,\%)Helped
Classify DCT coefficients instead of pixelsSource-identification CNN · LSUN bedroomsaccuracy: 98.95\,\% -> 99.64\,\% (+ 0.69\,\%)Helped
Classify DCT coefficients instead of pixelsSource-identification CNN · CelebAaccuracy: 97.80\,\% -> 99.07\,\% (+ 1.27\,\%)Mixed
Train the shallow CNN on DCT coefficients rather than pixelsSource-identification CNN with 20% of training data · LSUN bedroomsaccuracy: 85.82\,\% -> 99.14\,\%Helped
Train the shallow CNN on DCT coefficients rather than pixelsSource-identification CNN with 20% of training data · CelebAaccuracy: 96.33\,\% -> 98.47\,\%Helped
Replace bilinear upsampling with nearest-neighbor upsampling (ablation)StyleGAN · StyleGAN-generated images, 256 × 256DCT ridge-regression accuracy: 85.96\,\% -> 98.24\,\%Helped
Replace bilinear upsampling with binomial upsampling (ablation)StyleGAN · StyleGAN-generated images, 256 × 256DCT ridge-regression accuracy: 85.96\,\% -> 84.20\,\%No clear effect
Use more elaborate upsampling with stronger anti-aliasing (ablation)StyleGAN · StyleGAN-generated images, 256 × 256DCT ridge-regression accuracy: 98.24\,\% -> 85.96\,\% -> 84.20\,\%Hurt
Use DCT rather than pixel input for clean-trained classification under blurCNN classifier · LSUN bedrooms, blur perturbation (CD)accuracy: 60.56\,\% -> 61.42\,\%Helped
Use DCT rather than pixel input for clean-trained classification under croppingCNN classifier · LSUN bedrooms, cropped perturbation (CD)accuracy: 74.49\,\% -> 83.52\,\%Helped
Use DCT rather than pixel input for clean-trained classification under compressionCNN classifier · LSUN bedrooms, compression perturbation (CD)accuracy: 68.66\,\% -> 71.86\,\%Helped
Use DCT rather than pixel input for clean-trained classification under noiseCNN classifier · LSUN bedrooms, noise perturbation (CD)accuracy: 59.51\,\% -> 48.99\,\%Hurt

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