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Simplified State Space Layers for Sequence Modeling

ICLR 2023 · Architectures and efficiency › Attention and transformers · approach: State space and recurrent sequence models · 81 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
Replace many independent SISO S4 SSMs with one MIMO S5 SSM using diagonalized dynamics and parallel scansS5 layer · Long Range ArenaAvg. accuracy: 87.46 vs 86.09 for S4-LegSHelped
Use S5 instead of S4-LegSPath-X task · LRA Path-Xaccuracy: 98.58 vs 96.35Helped
Use S5 instead of S4 on speech classification at 0-shot 8kHzSpeech Commands · 8kHz zero-shot testingaccuracy: 94.53 vs 91.32 for S4-LegSHelped
Use S5 instead of S4-LegS on 16kHz speechSpeech Commands · 16kHzaccuracy: 96.52 vs 96.08 for S4-LegS; below Liquid-S4 96.78Mixed
Use S5 instead of CRU on irregularly sampled pendulum regressionPendulum regression · Pendulum regressionregression MSE x10^-3: 3.41 vs 3.94 for CRU (our run)Helped
Initialize S5 state matrix with diagonalized HiPPO-N instead of exact HiPPO-LegSS5 layer · Long Range ArenaqualitativeNo clear effect
Set S5 latent size P equal to H (P=H) instead of P=N in runtime comparison (ablation)S5 layer · Training step speed on Path-Xrelative train step speed: 1.9x vs 2.9x for P=NNo clear effect

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