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Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models

ICLR 2021 · Image generation › Fast diffusion sampling · approach: Denoising diffusion probabilistic models · 102 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
Use deterministic DDIM sampling (η=0.0) instead of DDPM sampling (η=1.0) with 10 stepsDDPM-trained image generator · CIFAR10 and CelebAFID: 41.07 -> 13.36; 33.12 -> 17.33Helped
Use deterministic DDIM sampling (η=0.0) instead of DDPM sampling (η=1.0) with 100 stepsDDPM-trained image generator · CIFAR10 and CelebAFID: 5.78 -> 4.16; 13.93 -> 6.53Helped
Use deterministic DDIM sampling (η=0.0) instead of DDPM sampling (η=1.0) with 1000 stepsDDPM-trained image generator · CIFAR10 and CelebAFID: 4.73 -> 4.04; 5.98 -> 3.51Helped
Use deterministic DDIM sampling (η=0.0) instead of DDPM sampling (η=1.0) with 10 stepsDDPM-trained image generator · LSUN Bedroom and LSUN ChurchFID: 42.78 -> 16.95; 51.56 -> 19.45Helped
Use deterministic DDIM sampling (η=0.0) instead of DDPM sampling (η=1.0) with 100 stepsDDPM-trained image generator · LSUN Bedroom and LSUN ChurchFID: 6.81 -> 6.62; 8.27 -> 10.58Mixed
Increase the number of DDIM sampling steps (ablation)DDIM · CIFAR10, CelebA, LSUN Bedroom, and LSUN ChurchFID: 13.36 -> 4.04; 17.33 -> 3.51; 16.95 -> 6.62; 19.45 -> 10.58Helped
Increase stochasticity from η=0.0 to η=0.2 (ablation)DDIM sampling · CIFAR10 (S=10)FID: 13.36 -> 14.04Hurt
Increase stochasticity from η=0.0 to η=0.5 (ablation)DDIM sampling · CIFAR10 (S=10)FID: 13.36 -> 16.66Hurt
Increase stochasticity from η=0.0 to η=1.0 (ablation)DDIM sampling · CIFAR10 and CelebA (S=10)FID: 13.36 -> 41.07; 17.33 -> 33.12Hurt
Use the larger-variance σ sampling variant (ablation)DDPM sampling · CIFAR10 and CelebA (S=10)FID: 367.43; 299.71Hurt
Encode and decode with more DDIM steps (ablation)DDIM · CIFAR10 test setper-dimension mean squared error: 0.014 -> 0.0001Helped
Use quadratic rather than linear timestep selection (ablation)DDIM sampling · CIFAR10FIDHelped

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