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Deep Active Learning for Named Entity Recognition

ICLR 2018 · Architectures and efficiency › RNNs and normalization · approach: Learned embeddings for retrieval · 381 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
use CNN-CNN-LSTM instead of CNN-CNN-CRF (ablation)CNN-CNN tag encoders · CoNLL-2003 English testF1: 90.35 ± 0.24 -> 90.69 ± 0.19Helped
use CNN-CNN-LSTM instead of CNN-CNN-CRF (ablation)CNN-CNN tag encoders · OntoNotes 5.0 English testF1: 86.15 ± 0.08 -> 86.52 ± 0.25Helped
use an LSTM rather than CNN for the word-level encoder (ablation)CNN-CNN-LSTM · CoNLL-2003 English testF1: 90.69 ± 0.19 -> 90.58 ± 0.28Hurt
use an LSTM rather than CNN for the word-level encoder (ablation)CNN-CNN-LSTM · OntoNotes 5.0 English testF1: 86.52 ± 0.25 -> 86.40 ± 0.48No clear effect
use an LSTM rather than CNN for both character- and word-level encoders (ablation)CNN-CNN-LSTM · OntoNotes 5.0 English testF1: 86.52 ± 0.25 -> 86.63 ± 0.49No clear effect
increase the LSTM decoder beam size from 1 to 2 (ablation)LSTM-LSTM-LSTM · OntoNotes 5.0 English testF1: 87.26 -> 87.34Helped
increase the LSTM decoder beam size beyond 2 (ablation)LSTM-LSTM-LSTM · OntoNotes 5.0 English testF1: 87.34 -> 87.33No clear effect
select examples using active learning rather than random samplingNER training · OntoNotes 5.0 English and Chinesetest F1Helped
use MNLP or BALD rather than least confidence in early acquisition roundsNER active learning · OntoNotes 5.0 Englishtest F1Helped
normalize sequence log-probability by sentence length (MNLP)least-confidence sentence selection · NER active learningannotation efficiencyHelped
use representativeness-based sampling, alone or combined with uncertainty samplingNER active learning · OntoNotes 5.0test F1Hurt
train on a random half of the data rather than genre-biased subsetsCNN-CNN-LSTM · OntoNotes 5.0 EnglishF1: 81.49 -> 85.10; 82.08 -> 85.10Helped

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