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Mixed Precision Training

ICLR 2018 · Architectures and efficiency › Quantization · approach: Low-precision training formats · 999 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
Use mixed-precision trainingCNNs including AlexNet, VGG-D, GoogLeNet, Inception v2/v3, and ResNet-50 · ILSVRC12 validationtop-1 accuracy: 56.77% -> 56.93%; 65.40% -> 65.43%; 68.33% -> 68.43%; 70.03% -> 70.02%; 73.85% -> 74.13%; 75.92% -> 76.04%No clear effect
Add loss scaling (ablation)Faster R-CNN mixed-precision training · Pascal VOC 2007 testmAP: 68.6% -> 69.7%Helped
Add loss scaling (ablation)Multibox SSD mixed-precision training · Pascal VOC 2007 testmAP: diverges -> 77.1%Helped
Use mixed-precision trainingDeepSpeech 2 English · WSJ '92 testcharacter error rate: 2.20 -> 1.99Helped
Use mixed-precision trainingDeepSpeech 2 Mandarin · Mandarin internal test setcharacter error rate: 15.82 -> 15.01Helped
Maintain an FP32 master copy of weights for updates (ablation)Mandarin speech recognition model · Mandarin speech trainingrelative accuracy: 80%Helped
Omit the FP32 master copy of weights and update FP16 weights directly (ablation)Mandarin speech recognition model · Mandarin speech trainingrelative accuracy: 80%Hurt
Add loss scaling (ablation)Multibox SSD · Pascal VOC 2007 testmAP: diverges -> 77.1%Helped
Add loss scaling with factor 128 (ablation)bigLSTM language model · 1 billion word datasettraining perplexityHelped
Use FP16 dot products with FP32 accumulation (ablation)Mixed-precision neural network training · Various tasksmodel accuracyHelped
Use mixed precision rather than FP32 operationsDeepBench operations on Volta GPU · DeepBenchspeedup: 2-6xHelped

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