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Apprentice: Using Knowledge Distillation Techniques To Improve Low-Precision Network Accuracy

ICLR 2018 · Architectures and efficiency › Quantization · approach: Binary neural networks · 148 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
Jointly distill from a full-precision teacherLow-precision ResNet students · ImageNet-1K valTop-1 error (%): 33.4 -> 31.5Helped
Jointly distill from a full-precision teacherResNet-18, 8A 4W · ImageNet-1K valTop-1 error (%): 33.6 -> 29.6Helped
Use a higher-accuracy teacher rather than a lower-accuracy, smaller teacherTernary ResNet-34 · ImageNet-1K valTop-1 error (%): 2.7% worseHelped
Initialize with full-precision weights and fine-tune at low precision (scheme-C)ResNet-50 ternary student · ImageNet-1K valTop-1 error (%): 25.3 -> 24.7Helped
Initialize with full-precision weights and fine-tune at low precision (scheme-C)ResNet-50, 8A 4W student · ImageNet-1K valTop-1 error (%): 25.5 -> 25.1Helped
Train the student from scratch with a pretrained teacher (scheme-B) instead of joint trainingLow-precision students · ImageNet-1Kepochs to convergence: about 105 epochs -> around 80th-85th epochHelped
Start with full-precision student weights before lowering precisionLow-precision students (scheme-C) · ImageNet-1KTop-1 error (%): marginally betterHelped
Use a smaller/lower-accuracy teacherTernary ResNet-34 student · ImageNet-1K valTop-1 error (%): 2.7% worseHurt
Increase teacher size beyond the point where benefits saturateLow-precision ResNet students · ImageNet-1K valTop-1 error (%)No clear effect
Use alternative loss weights (α=β=γ=1 or α=0.9, β=1, γ=0.1 or 0.3) instead of α=1, β=0.5, γ=0.5 (ablation)Apprentice distillation · ImageNet-1KTop-1 error (%)Hurt
Use mean-squared error for the distillation term instead of the original loss (ablation)Apprentice distillation · ImageNet-1KTop-1 error (%)No clear effect
Match student and teacher logits directly in the loss instead of the original formulation (ablation)Apprentice distillation · ImageNet-1KTop-1 error (%)No clear effect

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