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DeepFool: A Simple and Accurate Method to Fool Deep Neural Networks

CVPR 2016 · Adversarial robustness and security › Certified and empirical robustness · approach: Decision-boundary geometry of robustness · 5,359 citations (OpenAlex)

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Measured effects reported in the paper

What was changedWhereMeasuredEffect
Use iterative linearization to estimate minimal adversarial perturbationsDeepFool versus penalized optimization · MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ILSVRC2012average robustness (L2): 0.2 vs 1.0; $1.1\times 10^{-1}$ vs $3.9\times 10^{-1}$; $2.3\times 10^{-2}$ vs $1.2\times 10^{-1}$; $3.0\times 10^{-2}$ Helped
Use iterative DeepFool rather than fast gradient signAdversarial perturbation estimation · MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ILSVRC2012average robustness (L2): $2.0\times 10^{-1}$ vs $2.5\times 10^{-1}$; $1.1\times 10^{-1}$ vs $1.2\times 10^{-1}$; $2.3\times 10^{-2}$ vs $2.4\timeHelped
Use DeepFool rather than fast gradient signAdversarial perturbation estimation · MNIST and CIFAR-10average robustness (L-infinity): 0.10 vs 0.26; 0.04 vs 0.11; 0.008 vs 0.024; 0.015 vs 0.028Helped
Fine-tune on DeepFool adversarial examplesLeNet · MNISTadversarial robustness: improved by 50%Helped
Fine-tune on DeepFool adversarial examplesNIN · CIFAR-10adversarial robustness: increased by about 40%Helped
Fine-tune on fast gradient sign adversarial examplesLeNet and FC500-150-10 · MNISTadversarial robustnessHurt
Fine-tune on fast gradient sign adversarial examplesNIN and LeNet · CIFAR-10test error: 11.5% -> 21.2%; 22.6% -> 28.6%Hurt
Fine-tune on DeepFool adversarial examplesLeNet · MNISTtest error: 1% -> 0.8%Helped
Fine-tune on DeepFool adversarial examplesFC500-150-10 · MNISTtest error: 1.7% -> 1.5%Helped
Fine-tune on DeepFool adversarial examplesNIN · CIFAR-10test error: 11.5% -> 11.2%Helped
Fine-tune on DeepFool adversarial examplesLeNet · CIFAR-10test error: 22.6% -> 20.0%Helped
Magnify DeepFool perturbation norms (ablation)DeepFool adversarial examples used for fine-tuning · MNISTadversarial robustness: 1,2,3Hurt

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